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Easton's Bible Dictionary
The moon goddess of the Phoenicians, representing the
passive principle in nature, their principal female deity; frequently associated
with the name of Baal, the sun-god, their chief male deity ( Judges 10:6 ; 1 Samuel
7:4 ; 12:10 ). These names often occur in the plural (Ashtaroth, Baalim), probably
as indicating either different statues or different modifications of the deities.
This deity is spoken of as Ashtoreth of the Zidonians. She was the Ishtar of the
Accadians and the Astarte of the Greeks ( Jeremiah 44:17 ; 1 Kings 11:5 , 11:33
; 2 Kings 23:13 ). There was a temple of this goddess among the Philistines in
the time of Saul ( 1 Samuel 31:10 ). Under the name of Ishtar, she was one of
the great deities of the Assyrians. The Phoenicians called her Astarte. Solomon
introduced the worship of this idol ( 1 Kings 11:33 ). Jezebel's 400 priests were
probably employed in its service ( 1 Kings 18:19 ). It was called the "queen of
heaven" ( Jeremiah 44:25 ).
Hitchcock's Dictionary of Bible Names
(no entry)
Smith's Bible Dictionary
(a star) The principal female divinity of the Phoenicians,
called Ishtar by the Assyrians and Astarte by the Greeks and Romans. She was by
some ancient writers identified with the moon. But on the other hand the Assyrian
Ishtar was not the moon-goddess, but the planet Venus; and Astarte was by many
identified with the goddess Venus (or Aphrodite), as well as with the plant of
that name. It is certain that the worship of Astarte became identified with that
of Venus, and that this worship was connected with the most impure rites is apparent
from the close connection of this goddess with ASHERAH. ( 1 Kings 11:5 , 11:33
; 2 Kings 23:13 )
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
ash'-to-reth, ash-to reth (`ashtoreth; plural `ashtaroth;
Astarte):
1. Name and Origin:
The name of the supreme goddess of Canaan and the female counterpart of Baal.
The name and cult of the goddess were derived from Babylonia, where Ishtar represented
the evening and morning stars and was accordingly androgynous in origin. Under
Semitic influence, however, she became solely female, but retained a memory of
her primitive character by standing, alone among the Assyro-Bab goddesses, on
a footing of equality with the male divinities. From Babylonia the worship of
the goddess was carried to the Semites of the West, and in most instances the
feminine suffix was attached to her name; where this was not the case the deity
was regarded as a male. On the Moabite Stone, for example, `Ashtar is identified
with Chemosh, and in the inscriptions of southern Arabia `Athtar is a god. On
the other hand, in Atar-gatis or Derketo (2 Macc 12:26), Atar, without the feminine
suffix, is identified with the goddess `Athah or `Athi (Greek Gatis). The cult
of the Greek Aphrodite in Cyprus was borrowed from that of Ashtoreth; whether
the Greek name also is a modification of Ashtoreth, as has often been maintained,
is doubtful.
2. Attributes of the Goddess:
In Babylonia and Assyria Ishtar was the goddess of love and war. An old Babylonian
legend related how the descent of Ishtar into Hades in search of her dead husband,
Tammuz, was followed by the cessation of marriage and birth in both earth and
heaven, while the temples of the goddess at Nineveh and Arbela, around which the
two cities afterward grew up, were dedicated to her as the goddess of war. As
such she appeared to one of Assur-bani-pal's seers and encouraged the Assyrian
king to march against Elam. The other goddesses of Babylonia, who were little
more than reflections of the god, tended to merge into Ishtar who thus became
a type of the female divinity, a personification of the productive principle in
nature, and more especially the mother and creatress of mankind. The chief seat
of the worship of Ishtar in Babylonia was Erech, where prostitution was practiced
in her name, and she was served with immoral rites by bands of men and women.
In Assyria, where the warlike side of the goddess was predominant, no such rites
seem to have been practiced, and, instead, prophetesses were attached to her temples
to whom she delivered oracles.
3. Ashtoreth as a Moon-Goddess:
In Canaan, Ashtoreth, as distinguished from the male `Ashtar, dropped her warlike
attributes, but in contradistinction to Asherah, whose name and cult had also
been imported from Assyria, became, on the one hand, the colorless consort of
Baal, and on the other hand, a moon-goddess. In Babylonia the moon was a god,
but after the rise of the solar theology, when the larger number of the Babylonian
gods were resolved into forms of the sun-god, their wives also became solar, Ishtar,
"the daughter of Sin" the moon-god, remaining identified with the evening-star.
In Canaan, however, when the solar theology had absorbed the older beliefs, Baal,
passing into a sun-god and the goddess who stood at his side becoming a representative
of the moon--the pale reflection, as it were, of the sun- -Ashtoreth came to be
regarded as the consort of Baal and took the place of the solar goddesses of Babylonia.
4. The Local Ashtaroth:
Hence there were as "many Ashtoreths" or Ashtaroth as Baals. They represented
the various forms under which the goddess was worshipped in different localities
(Judges 10:6; 1 Samuel 7:4; 12:10, etc.). Sometimes she was addressed as Naamah,
"the delightful one," Greek Astro-noe, the mother of Eshmun and the Cabeiri. The
Philistines seem to have adopted her under her warlike form (1 Samuel 31:10 the
King James Version reading "Ashtoreth," as Septuagint), but she was more usually
the moon-goddess (Lucian, De Dca Syriac., 4; Herodian, v.6, 10), and was accordingly
symbolized by the horns of a cow. See ASHTEROTH-KARNAIM. At Ashkelon, where Herodotus
(i.105) places her most ancient temple, she was worshipped under the name of Atar-gatis,
as a woman with the tail of a fish, and fish were accordingly sacred to her. Elsewhere
the dove was her sacred symbol. The immoral rites with which the worship of Ishtar
in Babylonia was accompanied were transferred to Canaan (Deuteronomy 23:18) and
formed part of the idolatrous practices which the Israelites were called upon
to extirpate.
A. H. Sayce
Tags:
ashtoreth, bible commentary, bible history, bible reference, bible study, define
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