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Easton's Bible Dictionary
flight, or, according to others, stranger, An Egyptian,
Sarah's handmaid ( Genesis
16:1 ; 21:9
, 21:10
), whom she gave to Abraham (q.v.) as a secondary wife ( Genesis
16:2 ). When she was about to become a mother she fled from the cruelty of
her mistress, intending apparently to return to her relatives in Egypt, through
the desert of Shur, which lay between. Wearied and worn she had reached the place
she distinguished by the name of Beer-lahai-roi ("the well of the visible God"),
where the angel of the Lord appeared to her. In obedience to the heavenly visitor
she returned to the tent of Abraham, where her son Ishmael was born, and where
she remained ( Genesis
16:16 ) till after the birth of Isaac, the space of fourteen years. Sarah
after this began to vent her dissatisfaction both on Hagar and her child. Ishmael's
conduct was insulting to Sarah, and she insisted that he and his mother should
be dismissed. This was accordingly done, although with reluctance on the part
of Abraham ( Genesis
21:14 ). They wandered out into the wilderness, where Ishmael, exhausted with
his journey and faint from thirst, seemed about to die. Hagar "lifted up her voice
and wept," and the angel of the Lord, as before, appeared unto her, and she was
comforted and delivered out of her distresses ( Genesis
21:18 , 21:19
).
Hitchcock's Dictionary of Bible Names
a stranger; one that fears
Smith's Bible Dictionary
(flight) An Egyptian woman, the handmaid or slave of
Sarah, ( Genesis
16:1 ) whom the latter gave as a concubine to Abraham, after he had dwelt
ten years in the land of Canaan and had no children by Sarah. ch ( Genesis
16:2 , 16:3
) (B.C. 1912.) When Hagar saw that she had conceived, "her mistress was despised
in her eyes," v. Genesis 16:4, and Sarah, with the anger, we may suppose, of a
free woman rather than of a wife, reproached Abraham for the results of her own
act. Hagar fled, turning her steps toward her native land through the great wilderness
traversed by the Egyptian road. By the fountain in the way to Shur the angel of
the Lord found her, charged her to return and submit herself under the hands of
her mistress, and delivered the remarkable prophecy respecting her unborn child
recorded in vs. Genesis
16:10 - 12.
On her return she gave birth to Ishmael, and Abraham was then eighty-six years
old. When Ishmael was about sixteen years old, he was caught by Sarah making sport
of her young son Isaac at the festival of his weaning, and Sarah demanded the
expulsion of Hagar and her son. She again fled toward Egypt, and when in despair
at the want of water, an angel again appeared to her, pointed out a fountain close
by, and renewed the former promises to her. ( Genesis
21:9 - 21
) St. Paul, ( Galatians
4:25 ) refers to her as the type of the old covenant of the law.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
ha'-gar (haghar, "emigration," "flight"; Hagar, Agar):
An Egyptian woman, the handmaid or slave of Sarai; a present, perhaps, from Pharaoh
when Abram dissembled to him in Egypt (Genesis 12:16). Mention is made of her
in two passages (Genesis 16 ; 21:8 - 21).
1. The Scornful Handmaid and Her Flight:
In the first narrative (Genesis 16) it is related that Sarai, despairing at her
age of having children, gave Hagar to Abram as a concubine. As Hagar was not an
ordinary household slave but the peculiar property of her mistress (compare Genesis
29:24 , 29), any offspring which she might bear to Abram would be reckoned as
Sarai's (compare Genesis 30:3 - 9). In the prospect of becoming a mother, Hagar,
forgetting her position, seems to have assumed an insolent bearing toward her
childless mistress. Sarai felt keenly the contempt shown her by her handmaid,
and in angry tones brought her conduct before Abram. Now that her plan was not
working out smoothly, she unfairly blamed her husband for what originated with
herself, and appealed to Heaven to redress her grievance. Abram refused to interfere
in the domestic quarrel, and renouncing his rights over his concubine, and her
claims on him, put her entirely at Sarai's disposal. Under the harsh treatment
of her mistress Hagar's life became intolerable, and she fled into the wilderness,
turning her steps naturally toward Egypt, her native land.
2. Her Vision and Return:
But the angel of Yahweh (who is here introduced for the first time as the medium
of theophany) appeared to her as she was resting by a spring and commanded her
to return and submit herself to her mistress, promising her an innumerable seed
through her unborn son, concerning whom he uttered a striking prediction (see
ISHMAEL).
To the angel (who is now said to be Yahweh Himself) Hagar gave the name "Thou
art a God of seeing" (the Revised Version (British and American) "that seeth"),
for she said, "Have I even here (in the desert where God, whose manifestations
were supposed to be confined to particular places, might not be expected to reveal
Himself) looked after him that seeth me?"--the meaning being that while God saw
her, it was only while the all-seeing God in the person of His angel was departing
that she became conscious of His presence. The spring where the angel met with
her was called in Hebrew tradition Be'er-lachay-ro'i, "the well of the living
one who seeth me" (Revised Version, margin).
Obedient to the heavenly vision Hagar returned, as the narrative implies, to her
mistress and gave birth to Ishmael, Abram being then eighty-six years old.
The idea in Genesis 16:13 is not very clearly expressed. The word translated "here"
generally means "hither," and there is no explanation of the "living one" in the
name of the well. It has therefore been proposed to emend the Hebrew text and
read "Have I even seen God, and lived after my seeing?"--an allusion to the belief
that no one could "see God and live" (compare Genesis 32:30 ; Exodus 33:20). But
there are difficulties in the way of accepting this emendation. The name of God,
"a God of seeing," would require to be interpreted in an objective sense as "a
God who is seen," and the consequent name of the well, "He that seeth me liveth,"
would make God, not Hagar, as in Genesis 16:13, the speaker.
3. Her Harsh Expulsion and Divine Help:
The other narrative (Genesis 21:8 - 21) relates what occurred in connection with
the weaning of Isaac. The presence and conduct of Ishmael during the family feast
held on the occasion roused the anger and jealousy of Sarah who, fearing that
Ishmael would share the inheritance with Isaac, peremptorily demanded the expulsion
of the slave-mother and her son. But the instincts of Abraham's fatherly heart
recoiled from such a cruel course, and it was only after the revelation was made
to him that the ejection of Hagar and her son would be in the line of the Divine
purpose--for Isaac was his real seed, while Ishmael would be made a nation too--that
he was led to forego his natural feelings and accede to Sarah's demand. So next
morning the bondwoman and her son were sent forth with the bare provision of bread
and a skin of water into the wilderness of Beersheba. When the water was spent,
Hagar, unable to bear the sight of her boy dying from thirst, laid him under a
shrub and withdrew the distance of a bowshot to weep out her sorrow. But the angel
of God, calling to her out of heaven, comforted her with the assurance that God
had heard the voice of the lad and that there was a great future before him. Then
her eyes were opened to discover a well of water from which she filled the skin
and gave her son to drink. With God's blessing the lad grew up amid the desert's
hardships, distinguished for his skill with the bow. He made his home in the wilderness
of Paran, and his mother took a wife for him out of her own country.
4. Practical Lessons from the History:
The life and experience of Hagar teach, among other truths, the temptations incident
to a new position; the foolishness of hasty action in times of trial and difficulty;
the care exercised over the lonely by the all-seeing God; the Divine purpose in
the life of everyone, however obscure and friendless; how God works out His gracious
purposes by seemingly harsh methods; and the strength, comfort and encouragement
that ever accompany the hardest experiences of His children.
5. Critical Points in the Documents:
Genesis 16 belongs to the Jahwist, J, (except 16:1a , 3 , 15 f which are from
P), and 21:8 - 21 to East. From the nature of the variations in the narratives
many critics hold that we have here two different accounts of the same incident.
But the narratives as they stand seem to be quite distinct, the one referring
to Hagar's flight before the birth of Ishmael, and the other to her expulsion
at the weaning of Isaac. It is said, however, that Elohist (E) represents Ishmael
as a child "playing" (The Revised Veersion, margin, Septuagint paizonta) with
Isaac at the weaning festival, and young enough to be carried by his mother and
"cast" under a shrub; while according to the Priestly Code, the Priestly Code
(P), (Genesis 16:16 ; 21:5), as a child was weaned at the age of two or three
years, he would be a lad of sixteen at that time. The argument for the double
narrative here does not seem conclusive. The word metsacheq (Genesis 16:9) does
not necessarily mean "playing" when used absolutely; it is so used in Genesis
19:14, evidently in the sense of "mocking" or "jesting," and Delitzsch gives it
that meaning there. Then as to Genesis 19:14, the Massoretic Text does not state
that the child was put on her shoulder, although the Septuagint does; nor does
"cast" (Genesis 19:15) so "clearly imply" that Ishmael was an infant carried by
his mother (compare Matthew 15:30). It may be added that the words yeledh and
na'ar, translated "child" and "lad" respectively, determine nothing as to age,
as they are each used elsewhere in both senses.
6. Allegorical Use of the Story by Paul:
In Galatians 4:21 Paul makes an allegorical use of this episode in the history
of Ishmael and Isaac to support his argument for the transitory character of the
Jewish ritual and the final triumph of Christian freedom over all Judaizing tendencies.
In elaborating his reference, the apostle institutes a series of contrasts. Hagar,
the bondwoman, represents the old covenant which was given from Mt. Sinai; and
as Ishmael was Abraham's son after the flesh, so the Judaizing Christians, who
wish to remain in bondage to the law, are Hagar's children. On the other hand,
Sarah, the freewoman, represents the new covenant instituted by Christ; and as
Isaac was born to Abraham in virtue of the promise, so the Christians who have
freed themselves entirely from the law of carnal ordinances and live by faith
are Sarah's children. Thus Hagar corresponds to "the Jerusalem that now is," that
is, the Jewish state which is in spiritual bondage with her children; while Sarah
represents "the Jerusalem that is above," "our mother" (Revised Version (British
and American)), the mother of us Christians, that free spiritual city to which
Christians even now belong (Philippians 3:20). By this allegory the apostle would
warn the Galatian Christians of the danger which beset them from their Judaizing
brethren, of their subjection to the covenant of works and their ultimate expulsion
from the household of faith.
To us Paul's reference does not appeal with the same force as it would do to those
to whom he was writing. The incident taken by itself, indeed, does not contain
any suggestion of such a hidden meaning. Yet the history of the Hebrew nation
is but typical of the history of the church in all ages, and the apostle's familiarity
with rabbinical modes of interpretation may have led him to adopt this method
of confirming the truth which he had already proved from the law itself.
For a discussion of the text and interpretation of Galatians 4:25 a, "Now this
Hagar is mount Sinai in Arabia," and an account of Philo's allegory of Hagar and
Sarah, see Lightfoot's notes at the end of chapter iv in his Commentary on Gal.
James Crichton
Tags:
abraham, angel of the Lord, bible commentary, bible history, bible reference, bible study, define, egyptian, hagar, ishmael, sarah handmaid, woman
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